ZACHARIAH CLARK -CONTRACTOR’S AGENT
- SCARBOROUGH & ALEXANDER
- this story is under review by Membership Team
Zachariah Clark
was a First Fleeter. He was not a convict, nor a marine,
nor a sailor. He was the agent of the Fleet contractor,
whose job was to see that the convicts were well
provisioned. He stayed on in New South Wales as
Assistant Commissary, and was then transferred to
Norfolk Island as Deputy Commissary. A dissenter, a
member of a London livery company, a family man, he did
his job well.
And yet, while on Norfolk Island, a charge was laid
against him for a crime that he did not commit. He was
banished to a remote part of the island where he died.
Later writers, when they mentioned him – if they
mentioned him at all – did so in terms like these:
Zachariah Clark, of whom the less said the better.1
Mr Zachariah Clark, who, at Norfolk Island … drank
himself to death at the place. Zach. Clark had every
opportunity of doing so, as he was the Commissary
General there in 1804.2
Thomas Hibbins, the alcoholic Deputy Judge-Advocate …
his promiscuous bride, Ann Clark, daughter of the
incestuous Deputy Commissary, Zachariah Clark.3
The recent steady flood of historically important source
material onto the internet has allowed a long-overdue
re-evaluation of his life and fate.
Zachariah Clark was born at Bermondsey on the south bank
of the Thames, just opposite the busy heart of London.
At that time births were not registered by any
government body, so church records of baptisms are used
to estimate when births took place. But Zachariah and
his four sisters4 (Elizabeth, Lydia, Mary
and Sarah) were born into a family of Particular
Baptists, part of the flock of the Reverend Doctor
John Gill,5who held that infant baptism
was “part and pillar of popery”. So, not surprisingly,
no such records exist. In the case of Zachariah6
we can estimate that his birth occurred in about 1743,
because in 1803 he described himself as “an old man …
aged 60 years”. His sisters were probably born during
the following decade.
Zachariah’s father, also called Zachariah, was an
important member of this community. There is some
touching evidence of this in the 1746 will of Abigail
Stockwell:
To Zach Clark five pound … Pleas to let Mr Clark bury me
… idiser Mr Gill to spak from them words in Job wich I
havofenspak of … to the poor of Mr Gill five pound
belong to the meeting house in horselidon …
I hope you will excuse my trubleing of you becas I no
the valle you have to Mr Gill and my frinds.7
Gill, whose meeting house was in nearby Horsleydown,
was a prolific writer. Earlier in 1746 he had published
the first volume of An Exposition of the New
Testament. Zachariah’s father was one of the
subscribers.8
In 1765 Zachariah began an apprenticeship9
with Joshua Warne,10a weaver in
London. It was probably never intended that he should
eventually follow that trade, but this was a path to
becoming a member of a Livery Company and hence a
citizen of London. (Zachariah’s father was a member of
the Worshipful Company of Patten-makers, insignia
pictured this page, although he worked as a tidesman – a
customs official who boarded merchant vessels to assess
their cargo and secure payment of duties.) It would also
have been a way of learning the basics of book-keeping,
stock-taking and the other skills useful in any trade.
And in any case, Joshua Warne was also a deacon at Dr
Gill’s Baptist meeting house.
From 1766 Zachariah’s sisters started to get married and
in 1773 Zachariah married Hannah Tolley, the
daughter of Benjamin Tolley and Hannah
Everingham. The paperwork associated with these
weddings shows that Zachariah’s father died somewhere in
this period, so the ‘Zachariah Clark’ who subscribed to
Dr Gill’s A Body of Doctrinal Divinity published
in 1769 might have been either.11
Zachariah and Hannah married at the church of St George
Hanover Square, a very fashionable venue for weddings.12
The baptism records of their children show that they
were living at Grange Walk, Bermondsey, and that
Zachariah was a coal merchant. Their daughter Ann,
who appears later on in this story, was born on 11 March
1778.13
In 1776 Zachariah completed his apprenticeship. In the
following year he was admitted to the Worshipful Company
of Drapers and became entitled to wear their livery.14
In about 1781 Zachariah joined His Majesty’s Cutter
Rambler as a clerk. He later wrote that he ‘was
absolutely on board at the time she upset at the Nore,
by which the Captain, Pilot, Master’s Mate and about
half the Crew were drowned and had a very narrow escape
that fate myself.’ A contemporary account dates this
event to Monday, 10 October 1785. The vessel was on
patrol at the mouth of the Thames and ‘were preparing
for anchoring, when, in jibbing, a sudden squall came
on, and the main sheet fast, the vessel overset in an
instant, and soon sunk to the bottom. A Yarmouth
herring-boat seeing the cutter overset, made sail
towards her, and arrived time enough to pick up
thirty-two men and a lad …’15
In the following year Zachariah subscribed to another
publication – the poem The Fallen Cottage by
Thomas Clio Rickman. (Rickman had been raised as a
Quaker, and was a bookseller, reformer, and publisher of
political pamphlets. On his death in 1834 he was buried
at Bunhill Fields, the final resting place of dissenters
including John Gill, William Blake, John Bunyan, Daniel
Defoe and Zachariah’s mother-in-law, Hannah Tolley née
Everingham, who had died in 1777.16 Zachariah
was listed as a subscriber among ‘Names received too
late for Alphabetical Arrangement’ but he redeemed his
tardiness by subscribing to four copies.
In the poem a cottage represents a supposedly lost age
of simplicity and sincerity, with the fall brought on by
the fashion and luxury based on foreign travel and
commerce. Over the next few years these lines may have
taken on a personal significance:
Thus heaven directs its ways, and throws o’er dark
Futurity a veil, kind to conceal
What to foreknow would cause us endless pain,
Would extinguish the gay gleams of hope
That, with alluring prospect, draw us on,
To bear from day to day life’s pressive burthen.17
Around this time plans were being made for the First
Fleet to transport convicts to Botany Bay in New South
Wales. The contractor chosen for the Fleet was
William Richards junior. Since Richards could not
make the journey himself, Zachariah Clark was chosen to
be his agent on the voyage. More than that, in a letter
in February 1787 to the Navy Board, Richards proposed
that
Mr Zachariah Clark, who goes out as my Agent to
superintend the Victualling etc of the Marines and
Convicts on shore there … remain there to transact and
fulfill every part of my Contract, agreeable to my
Agreement with your Honourable Board.18
The Navy
Board approved this ‘reasonable’ request. It is said
that Richards was an evangelical Christian as was his
friend, Sir Charles Middleton, the Comptroller of
the Navy, and that their views ensured that the First
Fleet was relatively humane and well provisioned.
Richards was from Walworth, and would no doubt have
known Zachariah Clark, the non-conformist from nearby
Bermondsey.19
Knowing that he would be staying in the new settlement,
Zachariah obtained a letter of introduction from a
London firm of wine merchants to their affiliate company
in Tenerife, the Fleet’s first port of call.
Permit us to introduce to you the Bearer Mr Zachariah
Clark who goes by one of the ships destined for Botany
Bay. We request you will be pleased to furnish him with
whatever supplies of wine etc that he may want, taking
his bill on Mr Will. Richards of this City for the
amount.20
When the fleet reached the Cape of Good Hope, Zachariah
was kept busy ensuring the provisions for the last leg
of the journey. The log of the Prince of Wales
noted on 30 October 1787:
At 10 am the agent [Lieutenant John Shortland]
and Mr Clark came on Board to survey the provisions;
condemned 5 casks oatmeal and 191 neat pounds cheese.21
Zachariah
now transferred from the Scarborough to the
Alexander, which was to be part of a small advance
party to prepare a site at Botany Bay for the arrival of
the main fleet. The log of the Alexander noted on
20 November 1787:
Clear pleasant weather. Employed in shifting the Marine
Officers, it being the intention of dividing the fleet.
Came on board us Lieutenant Shortland and Mr. Clark
Agent for Mr. Richards. A signal for the ships to make
more sail.22
Thus Zachariah Clark, in his role as the contractor’s
agent, was one of the first to arrive in New South
Wales.
Zachariah acted as the agent for William Richards in the
new settlement until late February 1788, when the
contract ran out. He was then appointed assistant to the
commissary. Governor Phillip explained in a
letter to Lord Sydney:
As it is, my Lord, impossible for the Commissary to
attend to the issuing of provisions without some person
of confidence to assist and to be charged with the
details, I have appointed the person who was charged
with the victualling the convicts from England.23
While in this position he fell under suspicion. David
Collins, in his account of the colony in NSW, tells
us that, in December 1789
… among the various business which came before the
magistrates at their weekly meetings, was one which
occupied much of their time and attention. The convicts
who were employed about the provision store informed the
commissary, by letter, that from certain circumstances,
they had reason to accuse Mr. Zachariah Clark, his
assistant, of embezzling the public provisions. A
complaint of such a nature, as well on account of its
importance to the settlement, as of its consequence to
the person accused, called for an immediate enquiry; and
the judge-advocate and Captain Hunter lost no time in
bringing forward the necessary investigation. The
convicts charged Mr. Clark with having made at different
times, and applied to his own use, a considerable
over-draught of every species of provisions, and of the
liquor which was in store. A dread of these
circumstances being one day discovered by others, when
the blame of concealment might involve them in a
suspicion of participation, induced them to step forward
with the charge.
The suspicious appearances, however, were accounted for
by Mr. Clark much to the satisfaction of the magistrates
under whose consideration they came. He stated, that
expecting to be employed in this country, he had brought
out with him large quantities of provisions, wine, rum,
draught and bottled porter, all of which he generally
kept at the store; that when parties have applied to him
for provisions or spirits at an hour when the store was
shut, he had frequently supplied them from his own case,
or stock which he had for present use in his tent or in
his house, and afterwards repaid himself from the store;
and that being ill with the scurvy for several months
after his arrival, he did not use any salt provisions,
which gave him a considerable credit for such articles
at the store: from all which circumstances the convicts
who accused him might, as they were unknown to them, be
induced to imagine that he was taking up more than his
ration from time to time.
With Mr. Clark's ample and public acquittal from this
accusation, a commendation equally public was given to
the convicts, who, noticing the apparent over-draught of
spirits and provisions, and ignorant at the same time of
the causes which occasioned it, had taken measures to
have it explained.
From the peculiarity of our situation, there was a sort
of sacredness about our store; and its preservation pure
and undefiled was deemed as necessary as the chastity of
Caesar's wife. With us, it would not bear even
suspicion.24
Collins also related a story about Zachariah and a dog.
In June 1790
… an instance of sagacity in a dog occurred on the
arrival of the Scarborough, too remarkable to pass
unnoticed; Mr. Marshall, the master of the ship,
on quitting Port Jackson in May 1788, left a
Newfoundland dog with Mr. Clark … which he had brought
from England. On the return of his old master, Hector
swam off to the ship, and getting on board, recognised
him, and manifested, in every manner suitable to his
nature, his Joy at seeing him; nor could the animal be
persuaded to quit him again, accompanying him always
when he went on shore, and returning with him on board.
There is another circumstance worth noting. Soon after
taking on his duties as assistant at the commissary,
Zachariah took on an assistant of his own, Matthew
James Everingham, who had been transported in the
First Fleet for trying to sell two stolen books.25
We know that Zachariah’s mother-in-law had been Hannah
Tolley née Everingham.26 It is also
interesting that in 1790, at the church of St George
Hanover Square in London, Zachariah’s eldest daughter,
Harriett Clark, married John Highfield,
with one of the witnesses being a Thomas Everingham.27This
raises the possibility, which does not seem to have been
yet established, that when Zachariah took on Matthew
Everingham as an assistant, he was actually taking one
of his wife’s relatives under his
wing.
In 1793 Zachariah was sent to Norfolk Island as its
Deputy Commissary. He later outlined his duties.
I am not only accountable for the whole charge of
stores, provisions and grain on Norfolk Island, but have
to victual the people three times a week with fresh pork
purchased, and my attendance is also daily required
during the working hours of the different artificers to
give out or exchange their tools, there being no other
person can open the store door having no free man … In
making out my different vouchers, I have four sets to
compleat – the Lieut Governor sends one to the Governor
in Chief, besides one set he keeps, I also send one set
to the Commissary, besides mine to the Auditors having
been made for the last eight years a Publick Accountant.28
In 1799 Zachariah returned to England for a few years on
leave. While there he wrote to the authorities29
successfully seeking an increase in pay, and expressing
his willingness to return to Norfolk Island “by one of
the ships now under sailing orders.”30
Also in 1799 Zachariah’s father-in-law Benjamin
Tolley died, aged 92. He was living over the river
in Avery Farm Row, Pimlico, and in his will left the
property to his granddaughter, Ann Clark:
I give and bequeath unto … Ann Clark, spinster the sum
of fifty pounds of … Bank Annuities, and also all my
estate and interest of and in my leasehold house No 3 in
Avery Farm Row aforesaid, to be paid, transferred and
assigned to her on her attaining the age of twenty one
years …31
In 1802 Zachariah returned to Norfolk Island. He
travelled on the Coromandel which left England in
February 1802.32 Other passengers included a
party of non-conformist free settlers from the Scottish
borders, as well as his daughter Ann. They arrived at
Port Jackson in June and Zachariah and Ann set off for
Norfolk Island in August. He resumed his duties in
October, but only lived another two years. As reported
by the Sydney Gazette:
Mr Zachariah Clark, Deputy Commissary, departed this
life on the 5th of December [1804] after a short
illness.33
His daughter Ann had meanwhile married the Deputy
Judge-Advocate of Norfolk Island, Thomas Hibbins,34
and when the Norfolk Island settlement was disbanded a
few years later, they were moved to Hobart, eventually
settling in New Norfolk. Thomas Hibbins in turn did not
live long, dying in 1816.35
Zachariah’s widow Hannah Clark died in 1819. Her
will36 shows that she was living at 3 Avery
Farm Row, and left that property in trust for her other
daughter, Hannah Highfield. Records show that the
property passed from Benjamin Tolley to Ann Clark about
1800 but after a few years it was Ann’s mother who was
paying the rates and the insurance. There were at times
an “Everingham” in residence and a “Miss Tolley” living
next door, both names connected with Hannah’s family.37
Did Ann get anything in return? Thomas Hibbins’s will
(1816) contains this bequest:
I give devise and bequeath unto Ann Hibbins my wife her
own mother’s lawful property claim I have before in
charge in the district of New Norfolk … that is a farm
containing thirty acres or more or less and the grant
thereof when it can be procured …38
It seems then that Ann, knowing that she would not be
returning to England, transferred the Pimlico property
she had inherited to her mother Hannah, who in turn was
able to organise some property for her daughter in far
off Van Diemen’s Land.
Hannah’s will also distributed gifts to friends and
family. They included “my three volumes of Dr John
Gill’s Doctrinal Divinity” and “all my Evangelical
Magazines”. A friend received “my stuffed birds and
cases that came from New South Wales” and a young
relative received “my two drawings of Norfolk Island.”
Other members of this family also died in the first
decades of the nineteenth century. Their wills
consistently include relatives as executors, witnesses
and beneficiaries. A few decades earlier they had all
turned up as witnesses to each others’ weddings.39
All of this leaves the strong impression that Zachariah
Clark was a member of an extended but close-knit family
with deep non-conformist roots and values, that he was a
hard-working man, a member of an important London livery
company, and someone to whom others would happily
entrust responsibilities, including the care of a
favourite pet dog.
Which makes those slurs quoted at the beginning of this
article all the more uncharacteristic:
Zachariah Clark, of whom the less said the better.
These sorts of comments are based solely on the events
precipitated by Zachariah’s return to Norfolk Island in
1802. He found a new man in charge, Joseph Foveaux,
who did not welcome his return. As Zachariah later
wrote:
Upon my arrival here I re-entered upon that duty on the
1st October 1802 but found on delivering Government
Dispatches which I received from Governor King for the
Lieutenant Governor here Major Joseph Foveaux that my
arrival was by no means agreeable to him …
The first experience I had of the Lieutenant Governor's
antipathy toward me was his refusing me a participation
in some trifling indulgences by him as well as his
predecessors in office allowed to the officers here and
which at that time and at this day is enjoyed by that
storekeeper (now supplying my place), such as a little
milk for tea from Government cows, firewood etc which he
peremptorily refused to me and which as not being
strictly matter of right I tacitly submitted to, but the
most marked exclusion of me from every privilege annexed
to my station as a Civil Officer was the Lieutenant
Governor’s refusal to me of my proportion of a pipe of
wine sent here from Port Jackson to be distributed
rateably amongst the Officers, Civil and Military, to be
paid for at a certain price consigned to me by the
Commissary General, but which I was denied the smallest
share of by special orders from Major Foveaux withal
desiring in much anger that in future I would not
presume the Liberty of asking any favours (for such it
seems he deemed my equitable participation in this
wine). And upon my presenting to him the Commissary
General’s orders to me – respecting the distribution
thereof – he replied that he was not to be dictated to
and that the Commissary’s orders were nothing to him at
the same time observing in a vehement angry manner that
he had no acquaintance with me …40
Zachariah
took this treatment to be Foveaux’s way of ensuring that
William Broughton, who had stood in for Zachariah
during his period of leave, should remain in the
position.
When Zachariah stubbornly continued in his role, Foveaux
dropped his bombshell. He had Zachariah charged with
incest with his own daughter. Zachariah was suspended
from duty, depositions from witnesses were taken, a
trial was held, he was found guilty of a misdemeanour
and sentence was pronounced – a fine of 40 pounds, and
imprisonment for one year. Foveaux decreed that the
imprisonment should not be in the main settlement, but
take the form of confinement at Cascades, a remote
location on the island.
The quality of the evidence produced to substantiate
this charge can be judged from these excerpts from the
depositions taken:
Robert Jones,
Head Constable, Gaoler and Superintendent: “In
consequence of an order from the Lieutenant Governor
soon after Mr Clark’s arrival to see if I could discover
any thing that was going on amiss between him and his
daughter; last Thursday night about half after eight
o’clock I ordered Kimberley to go to Mr Clark’s window
to look thro’ a crack which is in the shutter. While he
was there I ordered Marsh to go to the other window that
looks into the bedroom and endeavour to force the top of
it open so that I could see thro’ it which he did …”
Henry Marsh,
Constable: “On Thursday night last by an order from
Robert Jones I was sent to the outside of Mr Zachariah
Clark’s House to try if I could discover the actions
between Mr Clark and his Daughter, or see anything of it
– by straining the Shutter back a little and putting
something between to keep it a little way open I could
see clearly into Mr Clark’s bedroom …”
Edward Kimberley,
Head Constable of the Night Watch: “About a month or
five weeks ago Robert Jones came to me and desired me to
go with him with a pair of steps for the purpose of
getting up to the hole in Mr Clark’s window in the first
house he went to reside in after his arrival to see what
passed between Mr Clark and his daughter …”
Francis Flaxmore,
Constable: “Last Saturday night near the hour of ten
Edward Kimberley … told me to go to Mr Clark’s front
door and there to try if I could hear any kind of
whispering or talking …”41
Foveaux laid the charge, Foveaux was present at the
taking of depositions, those presenting the evidence
laid the ultimate responsibility for their actions with
Foveaux, Foveaux conducted the trial and Foveaux
determined the place of imprisonment. Even in those
days, this process did not pass the pub test. Captain
Ralph Wilson, a member of the Court, declared “that
he would not convict a dog upon such evidence, much less
a fellow creature and a gentleman”. He “considered the
prosecution as originating in malice and the evidences
mere tools, selected by intimidation or promise of
reward for the purpose …”42 and he later
wrote: “On the whole … I look on the entire prosecution
against Clark, a total stranger to me, the work of
corruption and not justice.”43
Even after Zachariah had served his year’s exile, he was
not re-instated. After he died, it was put about that
death had been caused by heavy drinking.
So why did Foveaux behave in this manner? Had incest
actually taken place in such an overt manner that
Foveaux felt compelled to act? The outrageous nature of
the depositions and the apparent incentives to let
ribald imaginations run riot strongly suggest otherwise,
as does Zachariah’s protest:
to bring such an accusation unnatural in itself,
exciting horror in the human Breast, against a Man of my
unimpeached Character, 60 years old, when even in
ordinary connections of this nature the mere Man feels a
frozen debility, must be something more than credulity
will sanction, yet so it is ..44
Were Foveaux’s actions aimed merely at keeping William
Broughton in the job, as Zachariah thought? If so, then
Foveaux certainly used excessive measures. Any
headmaster dealing with teachers returning from leave
has ways of convincing them that their inspirational
teaching will change the lives of the Remedial Woodwork
class, rather than the Senior Mathematics class they
were expecting, but a charge of incest is not generally
one of them.
The reason for Foveaux’s actions may more plausibly lie
in the political climate of the time. It was a time of
revolution – the American Revolution, which had
indirectly brought about the need to transport convicts
to Botany Bay and, more recently, the French Revolution.
Foveaux himself had recently had to take decisive action
to discourage a planned uprising by Irish political
prisoners on Norfolk Island, by hanging the two
ringleaders without trial. He reported this to the
Duke of Portland in 1801, adding “nor do I see,
considering circumstances, how I could have acted
otherwise and have laid the foundation of future peace
and tranquillity.” He then pointed out that the
situation of Norfolk Island was exceptional and that
sometimes measures needed to be taken which were not
strictly legal:
the
nature of this place is so widely different from any
other part of the World … Your Grace will, I am
persuaded, allow that different examples, however
vigorous, if not exactly conformable to Law, are in some
occasions indispensably necessary; At all events you
will I trust give me the credit of acting for the best.45
A prominent figure in this climate was Thomas Paine,
an American political activist who had been born in
England to a Quaker family. His pamphlet “Common Sense”
had encouraged popular support for American independence
from Britain. In the early 1790s while living in England
he wrote “The Rights of Man” which supported the French
Revolution and the right of people to overthrow their
government. The British government suppressed the work,
and Paine, who had meanwhile fled to France, was tried
in absentia and found guilty of seditious libel. A
Scotsman, Thomas Muir, was found guilty of
charges which included circulating a copy of “The Rights
of Man” and was sentenced to 14 years transportation to
New South Wales. Publishers of the work were arrested
and imprisoned.
One of Paine’s strongest supporters was Thomas Clio
Rickman.46. Paine was lodging in
Rickman’s house in 1791 and 1792 while he wrote the
second part of “The Rights of Man”. Rickman shared
Paine’s liberal ideas, wrote Paine’s biography, and
named his own children Paine, Washington, Franklin,
Rousseau, and so on. When “The Rights of Man” was banned
he dashed off the following “Impromptu”:
Hail, Briton’s land! Hail, freedom’s shore!
Far happier than of old;
For in thy blessed realms no more
The Rights of Man are sold!47.
Rickman had earlier written the poem “The Fallen
Cottage” to which Zachariah Clark had subscribed. For
four copies!
Perhaps that was all it took. Perhaps Foveaux received
some gossip from England warning him that he was about
to see the return of the Deputy Commissary, a known
dissenter and who was part of the Rickman-Paine circle.
Perhaps Foveaux considered Zachariah a potential threat
to the tenuous “peace and tranquillity” of Norfolk
Island. Perhaps he viewed him, as he later viewed
Samuel Marsden, as one of those “deep designing men,
whose delight it is to sow the seeds of discord and
insubordination.”48 A new arrival from
revolutionary Europe, potentially with dangerous ideas,
would need to be discredited or removed. In the case of
Zachariah Clark, Foveaux achieved both.
Let Zachariah have the last word:
The station of my persecutor puts it out of my power to
arraign him in legal form for his Conspiracy against me,
but I arraign him at the Bar of Eternal Justice!49
John Martin kallangur@gmail.com June 2020
SOURCES
The following abbreviations have been used:
AJCP Australian Joint Copying
Project (available online at NLA)
HRA Historical Records of
Australia (available online at NLA)
NLA National Library of Australia
TNA The (UK) National Archives
Sources have not been given for material that can be
considered common knowledge.
END NOTES
1. Reeve, G.G. “Windsor and Richmond Gazette”, 26 May
1922
2. Reeve, G.G. “Windsor and Richmond Gazette”, 14 May
1926(Both available online at
NLADigitisedNewspapersOnline)
3.Dalkin, R.N. “Norfolk Island – the first settlement”.
JRAHS, Vol 57, 1971, page 204
4.Zachariah’s sisters can be deduced from their wills
and the wills of their husbands. See endnote 39, below.
5.In 1766 Gill published a tract titled “Infant-Baptism
a part and pillar of Popery”
6.TNA CO 201/29/338 (AJCP Reel 14)
7.Surrey Archdeaconry Court WillsDW/PA/5/1747/74
available online at ancestry.co.uk
8.“UK and US Directories” collection at ancestry.co.uk
9.“Records of London’s Livery Companies Online”,
available online at www.londonroll.org
10.Whelan, Timothy D. “Baptist Autographs in the John
Rylands Library of Manchester”, Macon, Georgia, 2009,
page 465
11. Gill, John. “A body of doctrinal divinity …”, Volume
1, London, 1769. Available online at “Eighteenth Century
Collections Online”, Gale Primary Sources, NLAeResources
12.Marriage Register of St George Hanover Square,
available online at findmypast.co.uk
13.The known children of Zachariah and Hannah Clark
are:Harriet, no birth or baptism record found, but
possibly born around 1774. Mentioned in her mother’s
will.Zachariah Benjamin, born 13 March 1776, baptised 11
April, St John Horsleydown, Bermondsey. Ann, born 11
March 1778, baptised 1 April, St Mary Magdalen,
Bermondsey George Augustus, born 4 June 1779, baptised 7
August, St Mary Magdalen, Bermondsey. Benjamin, born 26
May 1780, baptised 15 June, St Mary Magdalen, Bermondsey.
14.“A List of the Court of Assistants and livery of the
Worshipful Company of Drapers.” 1783 and other years.
Available online at “Eighteenth Century Collections
Online”, Gale Primary Sources, NLAeResources
15.TNA HO/42/62/160 (AJCP Reel 7206)“The New Annual
Register … for the Year 1785”, page 74. Available online
at Google Books
16.Bunhill Field BurialsTNA RG 4/3984Available online at
Find My Past and The Genealogist
17.Rickman, T.C. “The Fallen Cottage”, London, 1787.
Available online at “Eighteenth Century Collections
Online”, Gale Primary Sources, NLAeResources
18.TNA T 1/671/360 (AJCP Reel 3551-3552)
19. Sturgess, Gary L. “A Government Affair? Reassessing
the Contractual Arrangements for Australia's First
Fleet: The First of a Two Part Analysis”, The Great
Circle, Vol. 38, No. 2 (2016), pp. 1-25. Available
online at
www.jstor.org/stable/26381252;
Piggin, Stuart. “The First Fleet: Maritime Triumph and a
Triumph of Humanity”, 2015. Available online at
diduno.info/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/The-First-Fleet.pdf
20.ArchivoHistórico Provincial de Santa Cruz de
Tenerife, ArchivoZárateCólogan, 922/60. Copy courtesy of
Cathy Dunn
21. TNA ADM 51/4376/Part 8 (25) (AJCP Reel 5777)
22. TNA ADM 51/4375/Part 6 (21) (AJCP Reel 5777)
23. TNA CO 201/3/29-30 (AJCP Reel 2)
24. Collins, David. “An Account of the English Colony of
NSW Vol 1”. London, 1798. Available online
atgutenberg.net.au
25.Gray, A.J. “Everingham, Matthew James”. Australian
Dictionary of Biography. Available online at
adb.anu.edu.au
26.Marriage Register of St Benet Pauls Wharf, London. 27
May 1746.Available online at ancestry.co.uk
27.Marriage Register of St George Hanover Square,
London. Available online at findmypast.co.uk
28. TNA HO 42/62/160 (AJCP Reel 7206)
29. TNA HO 42/62/162-163 (AJCP Reel 7206); TNA CO
201/29/304-307 (AJCP Reel 14)
30. Letters from John Sullivan to Governor King. 2
February 1802: TNA CO 202/6/29 (AJCP Reel 56); 1 May
1802: TNA CO 202/6/48 (AJCP Reel 56)
31. TNA PROB 11/1321/236
32. HRA Series 1, vol. 3 (1801-1802), page 383.
33. Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 10
March 1805.Available online at NLADigitised Newspapers
Online
34. Marriage Register of Rev. Henry Fulton, Norfolk
Island. Copy on microfilm (Reel 5002) included in the
Genealogical Research Kit issued by the Archives Office
of NSW
35. Hobart Town Gazette and Southern Reporter, 16
November 1816. Available online at NLADigitised
Newspapers Online
36. TNA PROB 11/1617/70
37. Material that traces the ownership of this property
includes:The will of Benjamin Tolley (1799);
Insurance records, London Metropolitan Archives;
Westminster Rate Books (available on findmypast.co.uk);
The will of Hannah Clark (1819)
38. Quoted in: Sims, Peter. “The Norfolk Settlers of
Norfolk Island and Van Diemen’s Land”. Quoiba, Tasmania,
1987, page 43
39. The close-knit nature of this family can be deduced
from the witnesses at weddings, and the executors,
beneficiaries and witnesses of wills. The following
selection is available online at the major genealogical
subscription websites:Marriages:Mary Clark and John
Young (1766); Elizabeth Clark and Richard Woodyer
(1768);
Lydia Clark and John Berry (1772); Sarah Clark and John
Needham (1773); Harriet Clark and John Highfield (1790);
Sarah Needham and Valentine Rutter (1796); Lydia Berry
and John Austin (1799); Wills:Richard Woodyer (1798);
Benjamin Tolley (1799); Elizabeth Woodyer (1810); John
Needham (1812); Hannah Clark (1819)
40. TNA CO 201/29/338-342 (AJCP Reel 14)
41. TNA CO 201/29/280-288 (AJCP Reel 14)
42. TNA CO 201/29/338-342 (AJCP Reel 14)
43. TNA CO 201/29/344-346 (AJCP Reel 14)
44. TNA CO 201/29/338-342 (AJCP Reel 14)
45. TNA CO 201/29/20-23 (AJCP Reel 14)
46. There is much information about Rickman and Paine
online. A good starting point is the article on Rickman
in the Dictionary of National Biography.
47. “Impromptu” is included in Rickman, T.C. “Poetical
Scraps” Vol. 2, London, 1803. Available online at the
Internet Archive.
48. “The only man to whom I feel obliged for the
assistance and candid information I received in taking
charge of this Government is Major General Foveaux. – He
told me what I had to expect from the RevdMr Marsden and
many other deep designing men, whose delight it is to
sow the seeds of discord and insubordination.” This is
contained in a private and confidential letter from
Governor Macquarie to Lord Bathurst dated 1 December
1817. See TNA CO 201/85/148 (AJCP Reel 40)
49. TNA CO 201/29/338-342 (AJCP Reel 14)
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